Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) can be divided into license and license-free according to the frequency band used. The license-free LPWAN technology develops earlier. The main technologies are: HaLow, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, Weightless, RPMA, etc. . The license band is dominated by 3GPP-led NB-IoT. IoT applications are increasingly diverse (Figure 1). Unlike mobile communications, which require large bandwidth and low latency, many IoT applications, such as monitoring air quality and meter data transmission, have small data packets and large tolerance for delay. At the same time, in the application scenarios such as environmental monitoring and pipeline monitoring, it is necessary to deploy in a wide range, or in a remote location, in a basement, underground, and other places where the shielding is more serious. The transmission signals of wireless communication or mobile communication technology are not easy to reach. The above applications have developed communication technologies with long-distance and low-power consumption, technologies including user license bands, and technologies operating in license-free bands, collectively referred to as Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN).
Figure 1 LPWAN application in smart city
The license-free band LPWAN technology LPWAN technology can be divided into license and license-free according to the frequency band used. The license-free LPWAN technology is developed earlier. Currently, the main technologies include: HaLow, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, etc., except that HaLow is pushed late due to the standard. The relevant ecosystems have not yet developed, and the rest of the technologies have entered the testing or commercial phase, and there are already many application cases in countries around the world. Sigfox Sigfox was promoted by the French Internet of Things Internet Developers in 2009. According to the information released by Sigfox, there are already 29 countries in the world that have launched Sigfox network deployment, including: Netherlands, Spain, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. It is expected to expand to 60 countries around the world in 2019. In terms of technical specifications, the transmission rate is about 100bit/s, the transmission distance is about 10 kilometers in the urban area, and 50 kilometers in the suburbs. The above communication is mainly used, but it also supports downlink communication, using ultra-narrowband (Ultra-Narrow) Band, UNB) technology, using bandwidth only 100kHz. In order to reduce power consumption, the Sigfox device is usually idle, and the device requires the network to complete the transmission and then return to the idle state again. Sigfox's operating frequency band uses unlicensed engineering (ISM) bands such as 902∼928MHz in the US and 863∼868MHz in Europe. LoRaWAN LoRaWAN is a communication protocol promoted by LoRa Alliance members including IBM, Cisco, Actility and other major manufacturers. According to the LoRa Alliance report, 17 countries announced their network construction plans in 2016, and more than 120 urban areas have The running LoRa network, in which South Korea's SKT, India's TaTa, the Netherlands' KPN, etc. have completed or are in the process of nationwide network deployment. In terms of technical specifications, the transmission rate is about 30bit/s∼50kbit/s, the transmission distance is about 2∼5km in the urban area, and the suburb is up to 15km. According to the LoRaWAN 1.0 version technology announced in June 2015. The file, LoRaWAN also uses the sub-GHz license-free ISM band to support bidirectional transmission. The transmission mode can be divided into Baseline (Class A), Beacon (Class B) and Continuous (Class C) according to delay requirements and power consumption. The Class A mode only transmits when the terminal device sends the request, and the power consumption is the lowest; the Class B can be scheduled for transmission, and the terminal can start receiving the packet transmission at the preset time; Class C is the continuous transmission data, and the power consumption is the largest. , but the transmission delay time is the shortest. Weightless Weightless is a sub-GHz LPWAN communication protocol promoted by ARM and the British Internet of Things company Neul acquired by Huawei. Currently, it is mainly promoted in Europe, such as the United Kingdom and Denmark. Since its inception in 2012, Weightless has released three versions of the protocol including Weightless-W, Weightless-N and Weightless-P. Weightless-W is the earliest developed version, mainly using TV white space (TVWS) to transmit data, but due to the significant differences in the development process of TVWS in various countries, development is limited. The Weightless-N version uses a sub-GHz license-free band with a transmission rate of 30∼100kbit/s and a transmission distance of approximately 5km. Weightless-W and Weightless-N only support one-way transmission, but start with the latest Weightless-P version. Supports two-way communication, the transmission rate is about 100kbit/s, and the transmission distance is up to 2km. HaLow HaLow, which was developed by IEEE in 2010, was founded in the background because Wi-Fi technology has achieved considerable success in the field of wireless data transmission. However, the current Wi-Fi mainstream standards 802.11n and 802.11ac are in power consumption and transmission distance. Performance, which has not met the requirements of IoT applications with low power consumption, long distance and low data traffic, especially in the IoT transmission environment, the link maintenance of a large number of devices and the information backhaul processing make the existing Wi-Fi technology face challenges. Therefore, IEEE plans the 802.11ah standard on the Wi-Fi technology development blueprint, using low frequency bands below 1 GHz for low-power, long-distance wireless network links. 802.11ah Draft 9.0 was completed in September 2016, in 2016. The IEEE-SA Standards Board APProval was completed in December. In addition, the Wi-Fi Alliance officially named the 802.11ah standard "HaLow" at the CES show held in the United States in January 2016. According to the IEEE specification, HaLow uses an unlicensed band that does not include TVWS below 1 GHz. For 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz and 16MHz, the transmission rate is at least 1Mbit/s and the transmission distance is up to 1km. RPMA RPMA (Random Phase Multiple Access) has been promoted by Ingenu since 2008. It has been supported by manufacturers such as General Electric and is deployed in the United States. It is expected to complete network construction in 30 cities across the United States in 2017. RPMA is currently the only LPWAN technology that uses the 2.4GHz ISM band to compensate for the weakness of high-frequency transmission characteristics by adding receiving sensitivity and other technologies. Compared with the sub-GHz license-free frequency bands used by other LPWAN technologies, the regional and national frequency bands are slightly different, and 2.4 GHz is a global unified frequency band, which is conducive to device-scale manufacturing and service popularization. The licensed band LPWAN technology-NB-IoT uses the licensed band LPWAN technology, represented by 3GPP-driven NB-IoT, and is one of the technical standards developed by 3GPP in response to the trend of IoT applications. NB-IoT related research Since the establishment of the FS_IoT_LC work project by 3GPP in September 2014, the research on cellular network systems supporting ultra-low complexity and low-traffic Internet of Things has been carried out. The core standard specification was announced in June 2016. Currently, the NB-IoT standard of Release 13 has been basically determined except that the RAN and terminal test specifications have not been completed. NB-IoT is based on existing LTE technology standards, but significantly removes and simplifies related specifications to meet spectrum usage efficiency and low cost requirements, such as not supporting voice services, circuit fallback switching, etc., and importing new sections. The eDRX mechanism extends the idle time of the device to achieve low power consumption, and can use existing mobile network devices to reduce the impact on the existing network during deployment, achieve the goal of rapid deployment and commercialization, and shorten the relationship with other LPWAN technologies. The difference in commercial start time. Due to its low power consumption and long-distance advantages, LPWAN is suitable for applications that require a wide range of deployments and small amounts of data to be transmitted. In terms of the current status of services provided by LPWAN operators (Figure 2), Can be classified into four major areas of asset tracking, parking management, environmental monitoring, and intelligent meter reading systems.
Figure 2 LPWAN service provision mode
In asset tracking asset tracking, Sigfox partnered with startup Capturs to launch a GPS location tracking service that provides location information for sports enthusiasts in remote locations or over long distances. It also launches a charity program such as sponsoring the Belgian Antarctic Princess Elizabeth Research Station in Belgium to use GPS and The Sigfox technology device tracks the movement and equipment location in real time. LoRa's asset tracking applications, such as the use of LoRa Sensors on aircraft freight cars at Brussels Airport, enable remote monitoring and deployment of trucks; in Australia, satellite operator Immarsat uses GPS and LoRa networks to monitor cattle and water in pastures. . Parking Management The Parking Management Application section provides LoRa Sensors on parking spaces in the Alsholt City of Belgium. Drivers can search for the nearest parking lot and parking space via the Smart Parking APP. Vodafone uses the commercial LTE network in the 800MHz band to test the smart parking application service at Vodafone Plaza in Madrid, Spain, and detect the parking status through the parking sensor. Huawei and China Unicom test NB-IoT's intelligent parking service in Shanghai. The owner can remotely query and reserve parking spaces to improve parking space utilization. Environmental Monitoring In environmental monitoring, the UK's IoT startup Nwave partnered with Connected Digital Economy Catapult to build a smart city network in London based on Weightless-N technology to provide air pollution monitoring. Ingenu collaborated with Libelium and PTC to use the RPMA network to collect air quality information in cities for analysis. Intelligent meter reading system Intelligent energy meter related applications, South Korea's SKT and SK E&S cooperated in the Seoul, Busan and Gwangju cities to test the use of LoRa network gas advanced meter reading system, providing automatic meter reading and detection of gas leaks and other services. Sigfox and the French power and gas supplier ENGIE subsidiary ENGIE M2M set up the Sigfox Smart Meter in the building to assist users in energy management. Vodafone and Swiss module manufacturer u-blox completed the NB-IoT pre-Standard commercial test in Moncada, Spain, and embedded the smart water meter with the U-blox module and the NB-IoT chip developed by Huawei subsidiary Neul. The water meter can be connected to the mobile network to achieve remote automatic meter reading through narrow frequency communication. The LPWAN business model explores the operating modes and charging methods of providers of IoT services provided by LPWAN. Take Sigfox as an example. The goal is to establish a globally unified IoT network, similar to the concept of operator eSIM, which is basically available to users worldwide. Use the Sigfox service without having to consider roaming issues. Ingenu also uses Sigfox in a similar way to deploy and operate RPMA networks to operators in different regions through exclusive licensing. For example, the startup IoTOz has obtained network authorizations from Australia and New Zealand. LoRaWAN is currently divided into two types of operations in various countries. First, in cooperation with local operators, LoRa Alliance provides technical and product certification. Second, the manufacturer sets up a base station to provide application services. LPWAN's charging model can be summarized into three types: device/service binding, service fee and communication fee (Figure 3). In terms of device/service binding, such as the French manufacturer Capturs' GPS device pricing includes hardware and Sigfox communication costs. In the service fee section, South Korean company Sparcosa's LoRa tracker requires users to purchase an additional $5 a month for service. In terms of communication fees, such as Sigfox, which provides a tariff plan ranging from $1/month to $1/year, the case is adjusted according to the number of devices linked by the user.
Figure 3 LPWAN Business Model/span>
After years of technical development and application testing, LP700 has gradually formed a service supply and charging method. The license band NB-IoT is also accelerated by 3GPP, and operators are actively promoting construction. The service will be more vigorous in 2017.
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