The global fiber optic cable industry has undergone over three decades of growth and currently stands at a critical juncture of renewal. This shift has naturally brought renewed focus on the topic of cable longevity within the sector. Given the varying external conditions and internal qualities of optical cables during practical use, the issue of their lifespan is rather complex. Presently, the industry has identified three key technological factors that influence the lifespan of optical cables.
### 1. Selection of Fiber Coating Materials and Drawing Processes
One of the primary contributors to increased fiber loss includes hydrogen-induced degradation, fiber cracking, and stress-related issues. Upon prolonged use, studies have shown that the optical properties of fiber optic cables—such as geometric characteristics, mechanical properties, continuous functionality, and optical performance—remain largely stable. Microscopic analysis reveals no noticeable micro-cracks or similar defects in the fibers themselves. However, the condition of the fiber coatings varies significantly. Fibers with high-modulus coatings, tighter wrapping, and higher peel strength exhibit substantial increases in attenuation at wavelengths of 1550 nm and 1310 nm.
### 2. Grease Filling Design
Optical fiber grease serves as an oily substance in close contact with the optical fiber, typically a blend of mineral or synthetic oils. Its purpose is to prevent moisture ingress and provide lubrication. The performance of this grease is evaluated through visual inspection of its morphology and the oxidation induction period of the sample. Oxidation leads to an increase in acid value, which results in elevated hydrogen production. Additionally, oxidation impacts the structural stability of the cable, reducing yield stress, thereby allowing fibers to be affected by vibrations, shocks, bends, temperature fluctuations, and topographical changes. This reduces the buffering capability of the grease, ultimately compromising the cable's reliability.
Direct contact between the fiber grease and the fiber itself is a major indirect cause of fiber performance degradation. Through inspections of in-service optical cables manufactured in different eras, it was observed that the fiber grease gradually deteriorates over time. Initially, it forms small particles that eventually volatilize, decompose, and dry out. For directly buried or pipelined cables in central regions, the typical timeframe for significant grease degradation is around 18 years.
### 3. Loosened Tube Dimensions
The influence of loosened tube dimensions on cable lifespan is primarily seen in terms of overall stress management. If the tubes are too small, variations in temperature, mechanical stress, interactions between the filler and fibers, and other factors can lead to unrelieved stress on the fibers. This results in increased fiber attenuation and contributes to premature aging.
In summary, advancements in fiber optic technology continue to push the boundaries of cable durability. By addressing these three key areas—coating materials, grease formulation, and tube dimensions—the industry aims to extend the lifespan of optical cables, ensuring they remain reliable and efficient for longer periods.
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