In modern cars powered by gasoline engines, the engine management system has been rapidly developed due to its low emission, low fuel consumption, high power and other advantages, and is increasingly popular.
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The Engine Man-agement System (EMS) is a type of sensor that converts the engine intake air volume, cooling water temperature, engine speed, acceleration and deceleration into electrical signals and sends them to the controller. The controller compares this information with the stored information, accurately calculates the output control signal. EMS not only can precisely control the fuel supply to replace the traditional carburetor, but also can control the ignition advance angle and idle air flow, which greatly improves the performance of the engine.
By precise control of fuel injection and ignition, pollutant emissions can be reduced by 50%; if an oxygen sensor and a three-way catalytic converter are used, emissions can be reduced by more than 90% in a narrow range of λ=1. In the idle adjustment range, due to the use of the idle speed regulator, the idle speed is reduced by about 100 rpm to 150 rpm, resulting in a fuel consumption reduction of 3% to 4%. If knock control is used, the engine power can be increased by 3% to 5% in the full load range, and it can be adapted to different quality fuels.
With the increasingly strict emission regulations worldwide, the adoption of EMS systems has become an unstoppable trend, and has broad application prospects in the process of advancing the modernization of China's automobile industry.
First, the control system ME7
Principle: The pedal information is transmitted to the throttle control module in the electronic controller through the pedal sensor mounted on the accelerator pedal, and the throttle control module calculates the opening degree of the throttle valve through a certain processing program and drives the DC motor to complete the throttle valve. The adjustment of the intake passage area, thereby controlling the intake air amount, to meet the intake demand of the engine under different working conditions.
Features: Mechanical transmission is eliminated, it is easier to modularize and standardize; the system has self-learning function, which can realize cruise control; idle intake can be driven by the control module to drive the throttle body without bypass passage and idle speed regulator; Since the intake air is precisely controllable, low emission control can be achieved; driving performance is better.
Second, the knock sensor KS
Function: Detect engine cylinder vibration condition for electronic controller to identify engine knocking conditions.
Principle: The knock sensor is a vibration acceleration sensor. It is mounted on the engine cylinder block and can hold one or more. The sensor's sensitive component is a piezoelectric crystal. When the engine is knocking, the engine vibration is transmitted to the crystal through the mass in the sensor. The piezoelectric crystal generates a voltage on the two pole faces due to the pressure generated by the vibration of the mass, and converts the vibration into a voltage signal output.
Features: firm and compact structure; high measurement sensitivity.
Third, idle speed regulator EWD3
Function: Provide idle bypass air passage, and change the bypass cross-sectional area to affect the side ventilation to achieve closed-loop speed control during engine idle condition.
Principle: A rotating magnet can be rigidly connected to a permanent magnet that can rotate freely on the shaft. The permanent magnet can be rotated by the cable coil to rotate the slider. The angular position of the slider determines the opening of the actuator bypass airflow passage, thus adjusting the amount of bypass ventilation. The electronic controller determines the angular position of the slider by varying the duty cycle of the pulse signal delivered to the actuator, thereby determining the bypass air flow.
Features: low energy consumption, compact structure, insensitive to dirt, safe home function.
Fourth, electric fuel pump EKP13.3, EKP13.5
Function: Send fuel from the tank to the engine and provide sufficient fuel pressure and surplus fuel.
Principle: The fuel pump is a vane pump driven by a DC motor, placed in the fuel tank, immersed in fuel, and dissipated and lubricated with fuel. The battery supplies power to the fuel pump through the oil pump relay, and the relay only turns the fuel pump circuit on when starting and when the engine is running. Therefore, when the engine stops operating due to an accident, the fuel pump automatically stops running.
Features: light weight, small size, easy to install; low operating current, high efficiency; can maintain good working ability when the battery is low voltage.
Five, oxygen sensor LSH23, 25C
Function: Determine the oxygen content in the engine exhaust to determine whether the gasoline and air are completely combusted. Based on this information, the electronic controller realizes closed-loop control with the target of excess air coefficient λ=1 to ensure that the three-way catalytic converter has the maximum conversion efficiency for the three pollutants of HC, CO and NOX in the exhaust gas.
Principle: The oxygen sensor sensing element is a ceramic tube with an exhaust through the outside and an atmosphere inside. The ceramic tube is a solid electrolyte. After heating, the catalyst on the outer wall of the ceramic tube is used to chemically react various components in the exhaust gas. The oxygen ions can diffuse through the ceramic tube, causing a potential difference between the inner and outer sides of the tube wall, that is, the signal voltage. This voltage is proportional to the oxygen content of the exhaust gas.
Features: anti-lead; less dependent on exhaust temperature; quickly enters closed-loop control after starting.
Sixth, throttle position sensor DKG1
Function: Provide engine load information and working condition information.
Principle: This sensor is actually a corner potentiometer with linear output characteristics. The potentiometer arm is mounted coaxially with the throttle valve. When the throttle valve rotates, the potentiometer arm is driven to slide to a certain resistance position, and the potentiometer outputs a voltage signal proportional to the throttle position.
Seven, pressure sensor DS-S, DS-S/TF
Function: Measure the absolute pressure of the intake manifold and provide engine load information.
Principle: The sensing element consists of a piece of silicon chip. A pressure diaphragm is etched in the silicon chip, and the setting and rectification circuits are also integrated on the silicon wafer. The change of air pressure causes the diaphragm to deform and the force is changed by the pressure group effect. After the chip is processed, a voltage signal linearly related to the pressure is formed. The sensor is mounted directly on the intake manifold and the DS-S/TF model combines pressure and air temperature sensors.
Features: light weight; compact structure; advanced electronic sensing technology; occupying a small space for the intake pipe.
Eight, fuel injector EV6
Function: Spray fuel in front of the cylinder inlet.
Principle: The return spring in the housing presses the valve needle against the valve seat and seals the fuel injection port. When the fuel is injected, the electronic controller gives a control signal, the electromagnetic coil is energized, and a magnetic field is generated to overcome the pressure of the return spring, the gravity of the valve needle, the friction force, etc., and the valve needle is raised, and the fuel is ejected under the action of oil pressure. As long as the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the injector is constant, the injection flow rate is constant, and the amount of fuel injection can be determined by the energization time.
Features: light weight; good hot start performance; long service life; strong corrosion resistance.
Nine, fuel distribution pipe assembly KSZ
Function: Distribute fuel, store fuel, provide fuel, adjust oil pressure to keep the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the injector constant.
Principle: It consists of injector, pressure regulator and fuel distribution pipe; it provides enough space to suppress oil pressure pulsation. When the actual fuel supply of the fuel distribution pipe assembly far exceeds the actual fuel consumption, the excess fuel flows back to the fuel tank through the pressure regulator, while cooling the fuel distribution pipe and the injector.
Features: compact structure and easy installation. The injector and pressure regulator are fixed by quick-loading spring clamps, which are convenient, safe and reliable. The entire system can be designed and manufactured according to the characteristics of the engine.
Ten, air quality flowmeter HFM5
Function: Measure air mass flow and provide engine load information.
Principle: There is a heated sensing element inside the sensor, which simultaneously forms one arm of the bridge. The air flowing through the sensor removes heat from the surface of the sensing element and changes the resistance of the sensing element. The bridge circuit cooperates with the hybrid circuit to process the signal to provide a voltage signal that the controller reflects the air mass flow. The unique design of the sensing element allows the measurement of air flow to be unaffected by the return airflow.
Features: Light weight, low cost, fast response, high measurement accuracy, and measurement results are not affected by air density.
XI, temperature sensor TF-W, TF-F
Function: Determine engine coolant or intake air temperature.
Principle: The NTC thermistor in the sensor has a resistance that decreases with increasing temperature. A change in the temperature of the coolant or intake air causes a change in the resistance value, which is then converted to a voltage signal by a voltage divider circuit and sent to the electronic controller.
Twelve, canister control valve TEV2
Function: Controls the flow of regenerative gas in the evaporative emission control system.
Principle: The canister in the evaporative emission control system absorbs oil vapor from the tank until the oil vapor is saturated. The electronic controller controls the canister control valve to open, and the fresh air forms a regenerative gas flow with the saturated oil vapor in the canister and is reintroduced into the engine intake pipe. An electromagnetic coil is arranged in the valve. According to different working conditions of the engine, the electronic controller changes the duty ratio of the pulse signal sent to the electromagnetic coil, thereby changing the opening degree of the valve. In addition, the opening of the valve is also affected by the pressure difference across the valve.
Features: wide working range; precise flow control; excellent valve sealing.
Thirteen, phase sensor PG-1
Function: Differentiate the compression top dead center and exhaust top dead center of 1 cylinder.
Principle: The phase sensor consists of a Hall sensor and a semi-circular ferromagnetic body mounted on the end of the camshaft. The half-turn of the camshaft has a signal, and the other half of the turn has no signal. Correspondingly, in one working cycle, one turn of the crankshaft has a signal and the other turn has no signal, which distinguishes between two different top dead centers.
Features: High signal quality, output voltage is not affected by the speed. The step square wave signal is directly output, the closing angle is small, and the control is accurate. The structure is simple, small in size and light in weight.
Fourteen, pressure regulator DR2
Function: Keep the pressure of the fuel distribution pipe assembly system and the pressure difference in the intake pipe constant.
Principle: The pressure regulator is a diaphragm type relief valve. When the system pressure rises, the oil pressure in the oil inlet exceeds the combined force of the spring's pre-tightening force and the spring chamber air pressure, the diaphragm is displaced, and the valve ball assembly mounted on the diaphragm is opened to make a part of the fuel chamber The fuel flows back to the fuel tank and the system oil pressure returns.
Features: wide application range; easy installation; light weight; compact structure; long service life; strong corrosion resistance
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