In the 21st century, energy security and environmental protection have become issues of globalization. Many countries have made it a top priority to alleviate the contradiction between energy supply and demand and deal with climate change, and have formulated development strategies.
Compared with other countries, although China's fossil energy reserves are moderate in the world, the per capita fossil energy possession is far below the world average. With the rapid development of the economy, the energy issue has become the bottleneck restricting China's social and economic development and the improvement of people's living standards.
What are the main problems facing China's energy development? What are the pillar energy sources of the future? Based on the national conditions, what issues should China pay attention to in terms of energy utilization? What are the “short boards†in energy research? On the topic of general public concern, on the eve of the two sessions, Academician Du Xiangyu, deputy director of the National Energy Expert Advisory Committee and vice president of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, accepted an exclusive interview with the reporter of Science Times.
Have a policy, lack of planning
Science Times: What problems do you think China is currently facing in terms of energy development?
Du Xiangyu: First, energy conservation is preferred, second is to adjust the structure, and third is to ensure supply. At the National Science and Technology Conference held in 2006, General Secretary Hu Jintao put forward: "We must prioritize the development of energy, water resources and environmental protection technologies, and resolve to resolve major bottlenecks that constrain economic and social development." The policy is based on the cornerstone of the national economy and strategic focus areas. This policy has been very clear. What is most needed to be clarified now is the strategy to achieve the goal.
At present, China is basically an inefficient, extensive and polluting energy system, and it is not necessary to transform into a modern, efficient, clean and safe energy system. To achieve this transformation, two changes are needed. One is to reduce the proportion of traditional fossil energy in total energy demand and to make it clean; the second is to increase the supply of clean energy. The transformation of this energy system is actually the energy revolution, which takes about several decades.
China's current coal-based energy consumption structure has led to increasing environmental pressures. Fossil energy, especially sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and soot emissions from coal use are the main sources of air pollution. At present, China is the world's largest emitter of sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide emissions are also the highest in the world (although per capita emissions are much lower than developed countries). The emissions of the two have reached 25 million tons and 5.5 billion tons per year respectively. If no effective measures are taken, by 2020, the environmental capacity will be greatly exceeded.
At present and in the future, coal is still the first contributor to China's energy. Environmental constraints require us to vigorously promote the efficient and clean utilization of coal and regard it as a national strategy. In recent years, China has also received increasing international pressure to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Under the above background, the transition to a more rational energy structure has become an inevitable development trend.
Science Times: Is there any national level planning for energy development and utilization in China?
Du Xiangyu: China is still "in a policy, lack of planning" in this regard. However, as far as I know, the National Energy Administration is working on a master plan for China's energy development before 2030. The Chinese Academy of Engineering is also organizing experts to conduct "China Energy Medium and Long Term (2030~2050) Development Strategy Research" to provide decision support. This project will be completed by the end of this year.
Vigorously develop nuclear and renewable energy
Science Times: What clean energy do you think is the main direction?
Du Xiangyu: Clean energy mainly includes nuclear energy and renewable energy, which will gradually become an important pillar of China's energy.
In the case of nuclear energy, its application development should be guided by a three-step approach, namely thermal neutron reactors - fast neutron breeder reactors - controlled nuclear fusion reactors. Currently, nuclear energy utilization should develop thermal neutron reactor technology. Mainly, accelerate the research of fast neutron breeder reactors, and look forward to the research and development of controlled nuclear fusion reactor technology. From the current point of view, we must base on the second and second generation of improved technologies, and actively master the three generations of technology. The generation and second generation of improved technologies are relatively mature at present. Compared with this, the proportion and introduction of the three generations of nuclear power equipment should depend on the speed of digestion and absorption of the technology. By the middle of this century, nuclear power is in the total energy demand of China. The proportion should be more than 10%.
Science Times: What are the renewable energy sources?
Du Xiangyu: Renewable energy mainly includes wind energy, water energy, solar energy and biomass energy. China's wind energy-rich areas are mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Gansu Hexi Corridor, parts of North China and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, coastal and nearby islands, and the onshore wind energy resources are greater than the sea. Considering the resource reserves, development costs and the distance from the load center, China's wind power development in the near-term should follow the principle of “developing offshore wind power based on land and adapting to local conditionsâ€. If you can make full use of wind energy resources, you will get a total of 700 million to 1.2 billion kilowatts of electricity. Among them, 600 million to 1 billion kilowatts on land and 100 million to 200 million kilowatts on the sea.
The financial crisis is an opportunity for China's solar industry. In the past, China's solar photovoltaic companies from the supply of silicon materials to product sales are very dependent on foreign markets, the current financial crisis forced them to face the domestic market, to solve the problem of two-headed, that is, technology upgrades, improve conversion efficiency, reduce production costs. This will promote photovoltaic enterprises to master more core technologies with independent intellectual property rights, and further develop the city's solar energy development prospects in China.
China's conventional power resources are dominated by coal and water energy, and water energy is second only to coal, which is in a very important position. By 2020, the capacity of conventional hydropower shiploaders will reach 320 million kilowatts, accounting for 20% of the total installed capacity of power, with a development level of 60%.
The energy shortage in China is highlighted in oil. Its external dependence has reached 50%, and its demand continues to grow at a high speed. Among the many renewable and new energy sources, biomass energy is the only direct replacement for the production of thousands of petrochemical products such as petroleum liquid transportation fuels and plastics. The research team of China Academy of Engineering's "Research on China's Renewable Energy Development Strategy" proposes that by 2020, China can build a "biomass oil field" with an annual output of 100 million tons, in addition to using liquid bio-transport fuel and biomass chemical products to directly replace 5000 per year. In addition to 10,000 tons of oil, it can replace 60 million tons of coal per year through biomass power generation, which is equivalent to a green “Shendong Coalfieldâ€. The replaced coal can produce FT diesel after insolvent carbon dioxide fixation, indirectly replacing oil.
Renewable energy will gradually change from supplementary energy to mainstream energy. By the middle of this century, the contribution of renewable energy to China's total energy will reach about 30%.
Energy saving priority
"Science Times": Although the land is vast, but in terms of per capita resources, China is a small country and a poor country. Based on such national conditions, what problems do you think China should pay attention to in terms of energy utilization?
Du Xiangyu: The United States consumes 25% of the world's energy by 5% of the world's population, while China's population is 4.2 times that of the United States. If China's per capita energy consumption is the same as that of the US, it will exceed the current world total. The amount of energy demand is gone. Therefore, for China, energy conservation is the biggest strategic issue. Energy efficiency is a priority compared to energy development.
I believe that energy conservation is a green energy source and a zero-pollution green energy source. Taking lighting energy saving as an example, China's annual lighting power consumption is about 300 billion kWh. If you switch to energy-saving lamps, you can save 100 billion kWh of electricity. The annual power generation of the Yangtze Three Gorges Power Station is 80 billion kWh, that is, we It can save more than one Three Gorges power station.
Science Times: What do you think about energy conservation?
Du Xiangyu: There are many ways to save energy, including adjusting the energy structure of the industrial structure, energy saving at the production end, and energy conservation at the energy end. Among them, energy-saving energy consumption includes industrial energy conservation, building energy conservation, and transportation energy conservation. In addition, we must build a conservation-oriented consumer system. There are more and more people in China to reach a consensus that “modernization is not equal to luxury†and “happiness index is not equal to the wealth indexâ€. As a populous country, it is imperative to compare the per capita energy consumption, per capita electricity, and per capita number of cars as a modern indicator to the developed countries. It is an unsustainable lifestyle.
Science Times: Taking the developed countries as a reference, what other aspects do you think China needs to strengthen in energy research?
Du Xiangwei: I think the most important thing is to strengthen basic research, and at the same time strengthen the combination of production, learning and research to promote enterprise innovation. Our current research in the energy field is dominated by tracking, while the future is based on basic research. The cleansing of fossil energy needs innovation, and the breakthrough of new energy needs innovation. Which country has breakthrough innovation first, which country can lead the future strategic direction. This is an important manifestation of a country's core competitiveness. To this end, from the scientific and technological community to the industrial sector, we should strive to overcome the impetuous style and start from the basic research. After all, only technological innovation can lead the energy revolution.
Edit: LC-HY
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