This article begins to introduce you to the introduction of single-chip microcomputer. This article mainly introduces the basic concepts of various single-chip microcomputers and related contents of single-chip microcomputer.
Personal reading suggestions: Pro can be based on the school you have mastered knowledge. If you have already had a certain understanding of the MCU, please skip this chapter and go to the next chapter. This article is purely for the introduction of the MCU, a very basic principle introduction. .
Digital invention
A long time ago, humans invented numbers. Since then, tremendous changes have taken place in human society. With numbers, people have solved many problems. With the help of numbers, people have learned to measure and calculate. People invented thermometers, invented clocks, invented rulers, invented abacus... The original concept of ambiguity in life is no longer blurred, but rather precise.
Wide application of electricity and invention of various electronic devices
After 1870, the development of science and technology advanced by leaps and bounds, and various new technologies and new inventions emerged in an endless stream, and were quickly applied to industrial production, greatly promoting economic development. The second industrial revolution broke out. In this industrial revolution, electricity has been widely used.
Later, people invented various electronic components, especially the invention of tubes, transistors and later integrated circuits, which had a tremendous impact on human society. The figure shows some common integrated circuit chips.
Computer invention
There is a saying that lazy people promote social progress. This sentence is reasonable. In the process of continuous development of science and technology, on the one hand, people hope to create a machine that can help us to deal with various problems in the real world, let us liberate from repeated and heavy mental work; on the other hand, often In the military, for various reasons, it is necessary to complete tasks such as cannonball orbit calculation and password deciphering in a short period of time, and human digital computing power often falls short of requirements.
At first, people invented computing tools such as abacus, and some invented some mechanical computers, which were operated by the principles of gear transmission. Then, in the case of the rapid development of electronic technology, people invented electronic computers. Early electronic computers used a large number of tubes, which were very large, required to consume a lot of power, and the operation was very complicated. Such as the "Eniac" computer invented in 1946, covering an area of ​​170 square meters, weighs 30 tons, consumes up to 150 kilowatts of power, but the computing power is far less than the CPU of today's smartphones, nevertheless, it has It is a thousand times faster than the relay computer at the time. With the advent of transistors and integrated circuits, computer technology has developed at an alarming rate. Today, various computer devices are everywhere, and even many of us live and work every day without computers.
Pascal and his gear adder
Before the invention of digital computers, electronic computers were all analog computers. The analog computer represents a digital or physical quantity by processing the voltage and current of the internal electronic device. Such computer processing problems are poor in accuracy, and the structure is complicated, and is also susceptible to external interference. So people later invented the digital computer. The digital computer converts various external information into numbers, and then operates on the numbers to finally obtain a certain result. The numbers we use for humans are generally decimal, because we have ten fingers. However, since many electronic devices have only two defined states, such as the opening and closing of the switch, the light is turned on and off, the digital computer uses a binary number, and the number "1" is indicated by the opening and closing of the control device. “0†for various functions. Since it does not have the drawbacks of simulating computers, it has developed very rapidly and has become the mainstream of today's computers.
The invention of the single chip microcomputer
At the same time as the development of computers, another thing that is relatively unfamiliar to everyone is quietly developing. In 1971, the world's first computer microprocessor 4004 was introduced by Intel Corporation of the United States. At the same time, a technology called microcontroller was gradually developed and widely used. The MCU is called a single-chip microcomputer, also known as a microcontroller. The English name MCU (Micro Control Unit) can be understood as a simplified version of the computer. A single-chip microcomputer is equivalent to encapsulating various main components in a computer, a CPU, a memory, an IO port, an interrupt system, and the like in an integrated circuit chip. Beginners may be familiar with these terms, but don't worry, what are they about, they will be introduced later. Here are some of the most common microcontrollers.
From left to right, 1, 2 for 51 single-chip, 3, 4 for AVR microcontroller, 5, 6, 7 for MSP430 microcontroller
Why do you want to invent a microcontroller? This is a good understanding. As the saying goes, killing chickens with a knife. There are a lot of things in life that are not very complicated, and don't need a computer as large as a machine to handle, so we only need to use a streamlined computer - the microcontroller to complete the task.
The characteristics of the microcontroller
Compared to the familiar computer, the configuration of the microcontroller can be much worse, it is simply unimaginable. Our commonly used notebook CPU processing speed can reach 2GHz or more, or dual-core quad-core or even more advanced, but take a common one-chip computer (STC89C52RC, we are about to start learning with this microcontroller) to compare, its highest processing speed Only a few tens of MHz (1GHz = 1000MHz); laptop hard drives are hundreds of GB or even a few terabytes, and the ROM equivalent to the hard disk in the microcontroller is only a few to tens of KB (1TB = 1024GB, 1GB = 1024MB, 1MB = 1024KB, 1KB) = 1024B); mainstream notebook memory generally has several GB, the RAM equivalent to memory in the microcontroller is only a few tens of bytes (ie, unit B). But don't underestimate such a "low-end" microcontroller, just write it into the program, enough to control a so-called "smart washing machine" that we often see. And learning the microcontroller will also give you a deeper understanding of the computer.
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