The Bill of Quantities (BQ) system is the direction for standardizing the bidding behavior of construction projects, and it is also an important performance of bidders in the bidding behavior at the operational level. The bill of quantities is the basis of the internal pricing of the enterprise on which the bidder's quotation depends, and is a rational market pricing model. That is to say, the bidder's internal price formation is based solely on the price, evaluation, selection, incentive and guidance of the market. The result of a rational judgment of the mechanism. In August 1998, the Ministry of Construction stated in the "Regulations on Further Strengthening the Management of Bidding and Bidding": "On cities and projects with conditions, the rules for the calculation of unified engineering quantities and the division of engineering projects issued by the competent administrative department of construction may be Piloting the project quantity list, reasonable low-price bidding, etc., to realize the project price determined by the market under the state's macro-control.†On June 1, 2001, the Ministry of Construction in the “Management Measures for Bidding and Tendering of Building Construction and Municipal Infrastructure Construction†Article 18 stipulates: “The list of engineering quantities shall be provided for the bidding for the engineering quantity listâ€. On November 5, 2001, the Ministry of Construction stated in Article 11 of the “Management Methods for Construction Project Contracting and Contracting Valuationâ€: “Tendering and bidding projects can use the engineering quantity list to prepare the tendering bidding and bidding quotation†“The bill of quantities should be based on the bidding documents. , construction design drawings, construction site conditions and the unified engineering quantity calculation rules formulated by the state, division of some project items, measurement units, etc." In October 2003, the Ministry of Construction specified in the "Code for the Pricing of Construction Engineering Lists", China In the next five years, the construction area will be fully implemented in the engineering quantity list bidding system.
1. There are various drawbacks in the existing bidding methods.
There are three ways to bid for existing construction projects: bidding at the bottom, bidding without bidding, and bidding for composite bidding. The practice over the years has proved that these bidding methods have many drawbacks in the evaluation of quotations, it is difficult to choose a really good bidder, and it does not meet the legal requirements of bidding and bidding.
1. The drawbacks of the bidding method
The characteristic of construction project budget work is that it can process a large amount of data manually within a certain period of time. The calculation of engineering quantity is very cumbersome, and it is inevitable that there will be errors in the calculation of sub-items and total statistics and quotas. Even with the use of graphical calculation software, the basic data must be manually entered, although some work can be reduced, there will be some errors. In the bidding work, although the bidding industry has been reviewed by the relevant departments, systematic errors are also difficult to avoid. If the error direction and amplitude of the bidding base are the same as the bidding direction and amplitude of a bidder, the bidder's quotation may be closest to the bidding base; if a bidder's quotation error according to the bidding documents is small, it is almost close to the ideal. The degree of error may be far from the actual base or even beyond the effective range. For example, if the bidding error is 15% and the bidding error of a bidder reaches 15%, then all other correct bidding quotations will exceed the valid range; instead, the quotation not prepared according to the bidding documents will be highly evaluated. If compiled according to the bidding documents and the Q&A documents, the ideal state of the error-free standard is A, the actual bottom error is Y, the error rate of the quotation is X, and the effective interval coefficient is K, then K=A×(1+x)/A (1+Y)×100%=(1+X)/(1+Y)×100%, the bidding document stipulates that 0.95≤1≤1.05 is the effective interval, that is, 0.95≤(1+X)/(1+Y ) ≤ 1.05, the X axis represents the quotation error, and the Y axis indicates that the corresponding X and Y can satisfy the requirements of the effective interval. The bidder's higher score is not obtained according to the bidding documents, but depends on the error rate of the standard and the error rate of the quotation itself. Obviously, such bid evaluation is unfair; such a bid is only a kind of guessing and coincidence, and it will inevitably induce some bidders to find the relationship and touch the bottom, and objectively breed some unhealthy trends and corruption in the bidding process. Moreover, such a form of bidding provides convenience for some owners to legalize the unreasonable price-cutting behavior and to open the "tendering" into a secret "consultation".
2, the drawbacks of the bidding method without bidding
The bidding without bidding is not set to the bottom. The method of gymnastics competition is used to score one highest bid and one lowest bid. The average of the remaining quotes is used as the evaluation base, and different scores are assigned according to the effective interval. It should be noted that this method of bidding is theoretically wrong. Because the quotation of enterprises with high management level and high technical level is low, and vice versa. If a minimum quotation is removed, the excellent enterprises are often eliminated, but the middlemen get high scores, which runs counter to the spirit of the construction law and the bidding law. The purpose of selecting a bidder is not achieved. In addition, although this method can prevent the drawbacks of the bottom leakage to a certain extent, it is easy to produce collusive bidding. Some bidding companies purchase a number of labels in different names, which can control the evaluation base and ensure that one of them wins the bid.
3. Disadvantages of the bidding method of composite bidding
The method of bidding for the composite bidding is to use the weighted average of the owner's preparation base weight of about 60% and the bidder's average bid weight of 40% as the evaluation base, and set the effective interval assignment segment. This approach also lacks scientific evidence. Although the standard of this method is generally produced by the owner or the intermediary agency, and has been reviewed by the relevant departments, there is a certain degree of impartiality and objectivity. However, if there are several errors in the bidder's quotation, the weighted average will be deviated from the bottom of the bid, which will affect the bidders who actually do the bidding documents and cannot obtain a high score. The quotation of the lower limit of the interval is awarded a high score.
Second, the superiority of the project quantity list bidding method
According to the relevant regulations on bidding in China, the reasonable minimum price and not lower than the production cost are the two criteria for reviewing the quotation. The engineering quantity list bidding method is most suitable for reviewing the quotation and has great advantages.
1. Simplify the evaluation of bidding. The bidding method of the engineering quantity list is adopted, and the bidder does not need to prepare the bidding base. The bidders do not need to calculate the engineering quantity separately, but use the same set of engineering quantity data. The bid evaluation unit should not review the engineering quantity of each bidding item one by one. Concise the heavy work in the bidding process, shorten the time for bidders to make bids, reduce the bidding cost, and improve the efficiency of bid evaluation. In particular, the difference in the bid price of each bid is reflected in the unit price and the fee collection standard, thus ensuring bidding. Realize price competition and management level competition in the true sense.
2. In line with China's legal requirements for bidding and international practice. According to the bill of quantities, the winning bidder and the contract signed by the owner are the unit price contract, and the project completion settlement is adjusted according to the reasonable actual amount. Among them, the contract price is the same as the original contract sub-item; the similar reference contract price Valuation; a reference to a similar project estimate or agreement price that differs from the original contract sub-item can also be performed on a fixed unit. Therefore, bidding according to the bill of quantities is in line with international practice and in line with China's bidding regulations.
3. Since the quotation of the engineering quantity list reflects the physical consumption and related expenses of the project in detail, it is beneficial to change the current static pricing model based on the budget quota to consider the various factors in the dynamic pricing mode within the unit price.
4. It is conducive to the reasonable sharing of risks. The contractor has considered the risks and unforeseen expenses when reporting the unit price. The responsibility of both parties is very clear.
5. It is conducive to eliminating the negative impact and corruption caused by the preparation of the bidding base for bidding activities, and prompting bidders to focus on strengthening internal management, establishing an internal price system and analyzing various factors in the market.
1. There are various drawbacks in the existing bidding methods.
There are three ways to bid for existing construction projects: bidding at the bottom, bidding without bidding, and bidding for composite bidding. The practice over the years has proved that these bidding methods have many drawbacks in the evaluation of quotations, it is difficult to choose a really good bidder, and it does not meet the legal requirements of bidding and bidding.
1. The drawbacks of the bidding method
The characteristic of construction project budget work is that it can process a large amount of data manually within a certain period of time. The calculation of engineering quantity is very cumbersome, and it is inevitable that there will be errors in the calculation of sub-items and total statistics and quotas. Even with the use of graphical calculation software, the basic data must be manually entered, although some work can be reduced, there will be some errors. In the bidding work, although the bidding industry has been reviewed by the relevant departments, systematic errors are also difficult to avoid. If the error direction and amplitude of the bidding base are the same as the bidding direction and amplitude of a bidder, the bidder's quotation may be closest to the bidding base; if a bidder's quotation error according to the bidding documents is small, it is almost close to the ideal. The degree of error may be far from the actual base or even beyond the effective range. For example, if the bidding error is 15% and the bidding error of a bidder reaches 15%, then all other correct bidding quotations will exceed the valid range; instead, the quotation not prepared according to the bidding documents will be highly evaluated. If compiled according to the bidding documents and the Q&A documents, the ideal state of the error-free standard is A, the actual bottom error is Y, the error rate of the quotation is X, and the effective interval coefficient is K, then K=A×(1+x)/A (1+Y)×100%=(1+X)/(1+Y)×100%, the bidding document stipulates that 0.95≤1≤1.05 is the effective interval, that is, 0.95≤(1+X)/(1+Y ) ≤ 1.05, the X axis represents the quotation error, and the Y axis indicates that the corresponding X and Y can satisfy the requirements of the effective interval. The bidder's higher score is not obtained according to the bidding documents, but depends on the error rate of the standard and the error rate of the quotation itself. Obviously, such bid evaluation is unfair; such a bid is only a kind of guessing and coincidence, and it will inevitably induce some bidders to find the relationship and touch the bottom, and objectively breed some unhealthy trends and corruption in the bidding process. Moreover, such a form of bidding provides convenience for some owners to legalize the unreasonable price-cutting behavior and to open the "tendering" into a secret "consultation".
2, the drawbacks of the bidding method without bidding
The bidding without bidding is not set to the bottom. The method of gymnastics competition is used to score one highest bid and one lowest bid. The average of the remaining quotes is used as the evaluation base, and different scores are assigned according to the effective interval. It should be noted that this method of bidding is theoretically wrong. Because the quotation of enterprises with high management level and high technical level is low, and vice versa. If a minimum quotation is removed, the excellent enterprises are often eliminated, but the middlemen get high scores, which runs counter to the spirit of the construction law and the bidding law. The purpose of selecting a bidder is not achieved. In addition, although this method can prevent the drawbacks of the bottom leakage to a certain extent, it is easy to produce collusive bidding. Some bidding companies purchase a number of labels in different names, which can control the evaluation base and ensure that one of them wins the bid.
3. Disadvantages of the bidding method of composite bidding
The method of bidding for the composite bidding is to use the weighted average of the owner's preparation base weight of about 60% and the bidder's average bid weight of 40% as the evaluation base, and set the effective interval assignment segment. This approach also lacks scientific evidence. Although the standard of this method is generally produced by the owner or the intermediary agency, and has been reviewed by the relevant departments, there is a certain degree of impartiality and objectivity. However, if there are several errors in the bidder's quotation, the weighted average will be deviated from the bottom of the bid, which will affect the bidders who actually do the bidding documents and cannot obtain a high score. The quotation of the lower limit of the interval is awarded a high score.
Second, the superiority of the project quantity list bidding method
According to the relevant regulations on bidding in China, the reasonable minimum price and not lower than the production cost are the two criteria for reviewing the quotation. The engineering quantity list bidding method is most suitable for reviewing the quotation and has great advantages.
1. Simplify the evaluation of bidding. The bidding method of the engineering quantity list is adopted, and the bidder does not need to prepare the bidding base. The bidders do not need to calculate the engineering quantity separately, but use the same set of engineering quantity data. The bid evaluation unit should not review the engineering quantity of each bidding item one by one. Concise the heavy work in the bidding process, shorten the time for bidders to make bids, reduce the bidding cost, and improve the efficiency of bid evaluation. In particular, the difference in the bid price of each bid is reflected in the unit price and the fee collection standard, thus ensuring bidding. Realize price competition and management level competition in the true sense.
2. In line with China's legal requirements for bidding and international practice. According to the bill of quantities, the winning bidder and the contract signed by the owner are the unit price contract, and the project completion settlement is adjusted according to the reasonable actual amount. Among them, the contract price is the same as the original contract sub-item; the similar reference contract price Valuation; a reference to a similar project estimate or agreement price that differs from the original contract sub-item can also be performed on a fixed unit. Therefore, bidding according to the bill of quantities is in line with international practice and in line with China's bidding regulations.
3. Since the quotation of the engineering quantity list reflects the physical consumption and related expenses of the project in detail, it is beneficial to change the current static pricing model based on the budget quota to consider the various factors in the dynamic pricing mode within the unit price.
4. It is conducive to the reasonable sharing of risks. The contractor has considered the risks and unforeseen expenses when reporting the unit price. The responsibility of both parties is very clear.
5. It is conducive to eliminating the negative impact and corruption caused by the preparation of the bidding base for bidding activities, and prompting bidders to focus on strengthening internal management, establishing an internal price system and analyzing various factors in the market.
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